File Type PDF Emotion And The Structure Of Narrative Film Film As An Emotion Machine Routledge Communication Series The Anatomy of Emotions - BrainFacts The Cognitive Structure of Emotions addresses such questions by presenting a systematic and … Because of this the narrative pattern is not complete in the conventional way, and had that been the end of the film we would have been left with a new normality and a new equilibrium. If language sets the agenda for all narrative, then we ought to expect all media to follow along. This film belongs to the so called neo-noir and revenge-film genre. 0000089610 00000 n But, understand the meaning includes deeply in the plot, then it needs more research about the plot structure. 0000089981 00000 n Download full-text PDF. 0000089663 00000 n Structure. 0000091783 00000 n 0000091730 00000 n What is the design (structure) ” – time “line” – of the narrative? 0000040370 00000 n 2.2. 0000080215 00000 n 0000089080 00000 n What is the design (structure) ” – time “line” – of the narrative? This research discusses the narrative structure of the story in the film Lucy, the Luc Besson works by using the theory of AJ Greimas structuralism narratology. (eds). 0000089557 00000 n Rehab Shaban Visual Storytelling and Narrative Structure | 01 study guide 03 Visual Storytelling and Narrative Stru c t u re C O N T E N T S C U R R I C U L U M Basic Narrative Structure 02 • Hollywood and the Classic Narrative Structure 0 3+0 4+0 5 Other Kinds of Narrative Structure 0 6+07 • The Scene and Mise en Scène 0 8+0 9+10 • Characters and Stars 1 1+1 2+1 3+1 4 How might its presenta-tional structure affect us? 0000090564 00000 n [4] Psycho cannot be matched with just one single Master Plot . When studying, teaching, or learning about narration in literature, it is also important to understand its underlying arrangement. 0000090034 00000 n Read full-text. 0000023589 00000 n 0000090723 00000 n London: Routledge, 168–72. The most traditional and most common narrative structure is the linear or chronological one. Download full-text PDF Read full-text. Sure, there are exceptions to every rule, but you have to master act structure before you attempt to subvert it. London: Routledge, 168–72. 0000088337 00000 n Even though the Story and Discourse: Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film by Seymour Chatman (1978). 0000090617 00000 n attain a return to normality and equilibrium. [5] The novels chosen for the purpose of this research originate from varied parts of the world. Whether noticed or not, sound is a powerful film technique. Just … 8The conventional separation of “showing” and “telling” and (on a different level) of “seeing” and “reading” does not do justice to the plurimedial organization of cinema. 0000091359 00000 n Narrative Structure in Tom Tykwer’s Winterschl ä fer, Lola Rennt, and Der Krieger und die Kaiserin. 0000006742 00000 n ��[�iW�-����E��f��KY�h�M�G����c�r ҩ�ah50҈����J(�������8��K�T����~�Sa�1�S��ؑ#��F���ǿJ9I�O��:�D�;���5_$zJ,�Ø�1��q����!��A�8���G�G�z� .U��kd�M�AGp�ʻe'�Y�Χ��C��N��XudC���g;�CJX�(�� endstream endobj 236 0 obj 207 endobj 96 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Parent 91 0 R /BleedBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /TrimBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /ArtBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /StructParents 0 /Contents [ 100 0 R 106 0 R 108 0 R 114 0 R 116 0 R 118 0 R 122 0 R 124 0 R ] /Resources << /ExtGState << /R4 155 0 R /R14 156 0 R /R16 157 0 R /R1 158 0 R /R3 159 0 R /R20 160 0 R /R8 161 0 R /R5 162 0 R /R18 163 0 R /R9 164 0 R /R6 165 0 R /R12 166 0 R /R15 167 0 R /R17 168 0 R /R2 169 0 R /R19 170 0 R /R11 171 0 R /R10 172 0 R /R13 173 0 R /R7 174 0 R /R53 175 0 R /R33 176 0 R /R57 177 0 R /R94 178 0 R /R68 179 0 R /R64 180 0 R /R22 181 0 R /R92 182 0 R /R47 183 0 R /R24 184 0 R /R55 185 0 R /R25 186 0 R /R62 187 0 R /R87 188 0 R /R90 189 0 R /R61 190 0 R /R85 191 0 R /R75 192 0 R /R60 193 0 R /R70 194 0 R /R80 195 0 R /R77 196 0 R /R39 197 0 R /R86 198 0 R /R36 199 0 R /R27 200 0 R /R69 201 0 R /R29 202 0 R /R28 203 0 R /R97 204 0 R /R52 205 0 R /R54 206 0 R /R43 207 0 R /R82 208 0 R /R67 209 0 R /R93 210 0 R /R91 211 0 R /R51 212 0 R /R65 213 0 R /R98 214 0 R /R58 215 0 R /R84 216 0 R /R63 217 0 R /R78 218 0 R /R66 219 0 R /R30 220 0 R /R95 221 0 R /R59 222 0 R /R26 223 0 R /R83 224 0 R /R867 225 0 R /R79 226 0 R /R37 227 0 R /R73 228 0 R /R42 229 0 R /R46 230 0 R /R38 231 0 R /R81 232 0 R /R56 233 0 R /R99 234 0 R >> /Font << /F12 119 0 R /F5 109 0 R /F16 104 0 R /F4 101 0 R /F7 112 0 R /F9 98 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> /Thumb 86 0 R /Rotate 0 >> endobj 97 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 148 0 R >> stream 0000088921 00000 n 0000092473 00000 n One notices that they differ in their origin as well as the time period. 0000009888 00000 n 93 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 96 /H [ 3465 329 ] /L 102169 /E 92721 /N 1 /T 100191 >> endobj xref 93 144 0000000016 00000 n the narrative structure of the story in the film Lucy, the Luc Besson works by using the theory of AJ Greimas structuralism narratology. 0000018882 00000 n 0000091571 00000 n attain a return to normality and equilibrium. Story structure for the short film narrative “These creatures are among us, although morphologically they do not differ from us; we must not posit a difference of essence, but a difference of behaviour.” – Phillip K. Dick. 0000091465 00000 n 0000089716 00000 n Chatman, whose approach here is at once dualist and structuralist, divides his subject into the 'what' of the narrative (Story) and the 'way'(Discourse)... Chatman's command of his material is impressive. 0000091889 00000 n So in a film the analyst will look for equivalents of first-person point of view, or something analo-gous to the voice of a literary narrator. 0000089822 00000 n The three act structure is a narrative model that divides stories into three parts — Act One, Act Two, and Act Three, or rather, a beginning, middle, and end. 0000009717 00000 n Classical Narrative Structure The Classical Narrative Structure is called this because it is the way most movies are made in Hollywood. Your privacy is important to us. Lucy was chosen because its interesting plot, how the good character uses drugs to do goodness. 0000092420 00000 n Short film story structure is a difficult point in terms of education. 0000077191 00000 n In literature and film, stories generally follow a narrative structure, which is basically a framework for telling a story. Instead, we rely on individual generosity to fund our infrastructure; we're powered by donations averaging $32. Short film story structure is a difficult point in terms of education. 0000003465 00000 n 0000088974 00000 n 0000088103 00000 n 0000003324 00000 n 0000088709 00000 n Some of the considerations used to describe these factors derive from Plato’s conception of what guides (or ought to guide) the production of narratives in a social/political structure. 0000054368 00000 n 0000091306 00000 n 0000092049 00000 n 0000090405 00000 n 0000091412 00000 n Film narrative structure essay >>>CLICK HERE<<< How to say hello and introduce yourself Read your first page in this lesson. Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory. 0000090776 00000 n 0000092367 00000 n 0000061163 00000 n THE LANGUAGE OF FILM > NARRATIVE STRUCTURE www.inpoint.org Classical Narrative Structure The Classical Narrative Structure is called this because it is the way most movies are made in Hollywood. Great for narrative structure revision. 0000030553 00000 n Summing up Three Act Structure In Movies. 0000089186 00000 n 0000035498 00000 n trailer << /Size 237 /Info 92 0 R /Encrypt 95 0 R /Root 94 0 R /Prev 100181 /ID[<7f0999a299d7bba3dec3bbd8e5267f6d><7f0999a299d7bba3dec3bbd8e5267f6d>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 94 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 91 0 R /StructTreeRoot 1 0 R >> endobj 95 0 obj << /Filter /Standard /V 1 /R 2 /O (�=Ŋ�\n� \r�u*�X�ڒ��@ZLjz��g) /U (3��L[J���N��@���o�$������&> endobj 235 0 obj << /S 36 /T 322 /C 364 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 236 0 R >> stream 0000022232 00000 n In this paper these two genres will first of all be described in detail. 2.2. 0000091677 00000 n Dont try to memorize everything. 0000091996 00000 n 0000003772 00000 n 0000089239 00000 n Download citation. The narrative makes a documentary of the slums into a film where the characters reflect the City of God and its development. (eds). 0000037317 00000 n film sound is often overlooked. Key content. Request PDF | (Re) Thinking women in cinema: The changing narrative structure in Bollywood | Over a period of time, Cinema has become an emphatic medium to introduce some major questions in society. narrative schema is not a “rule” in the sense of traditional phrase structure grammars (e.g., Chomsky 1965 for syntax, Mandler and Johnson 1977 for narrative, Carroll 1980 for film), but rather is a “construction” stored in memory as an abstract schematic pattern, akin to syntactic 0000083716 00000 n "Genette, Todorov ve Barthes gibi Avrupalı eleştirmenlerin çalışmalarını, Lubbock ve Booth gibi Anglo-Amerikan gelenekten gelen eleştirmenlerinkiyle sentezleyen Seymour Chatman, bu kitabında hem sözlü hem görsel ortamda anlatı kuramına ilişkin The plot is the series of events and actions that occur in a story. 0000090140 00000 n 0000034042 00000 n 2005: 169). 0000091624 00000 n 0000038645 00000 n In fact, the narrative begins again with Lola running out of her door for the second time with the same goal as before. 0000092102 00000 n These are the sources and citations used to research Narrative Structures and Film Editing. narrative essay has a particular structure, narrative ideas are often used in different writing tasks, such as argument or compare-contrast. A scaffolded lesson introducing students to different narrative structures using film stills and Kate Chopin’s ‘Story of an Hour’. Two common ways to describe these two parts of narrative structure are story and plot. A scaffolded lesson introducing students to different narrative structures using film stills and Kate Chopin’s ‘Story of an Hour’. Blog. Again, the film’s diegesis is the world of the film’s story; this includes events PLOT & Plot Structure Guiding Questions: What happens in the story? 0000091836 00000 n 0000026856 00000 n 0000090246 00000 n Story and Discourse : Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film PDF - reading online is now so easy! It is a taboo thing in the real … Download citation. In film, diegetic elements are things within the ‘film world’ and non-diegetic elements are things outwith that world. Viebeke Reuter uses in her book Ronald Tobias´ model of the 20 Master Plots and the screenwritng guru Syd Field´s three act paradigm to analyze the structure of Hitchcock´s films . I hold that this description is grossly inadequate when it comes to twist movies like The Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film by Seymour Chatman. We build and maintain all our own systems, but we don’t charge for access, sell user information, or run ads. 0000054115 00000 n 0000089398 00000 n 0000056534 00000 n Dr. Keith Greenwood Dr. Margaret Duffy Dr. Stacey Woelfel Dr. Bradley Prager Classical Narrative Structure The Classical Narrative Structure is called this because it is the way most movies are made in Hollywood. But, understand the meaning includes deeply in the plot, then it needs more research about the plot structure. 0000091518 00000 n 0000089928 00000 n Chapter 4: Narrative Structure of the Novel and the Film This study deals almost entirely with films derived from canonical novels. The specific elements included in this framework can vary, though in most cases, the narrative structure will include the buildup, the climax, and the resolution. Great for narrative structure revision. 0000088496 00000 n This will take up a whole lesson it involves activities to do with the narrative structure. 0000090988 00000 n Now that you understand all three acts, you can comprehend why three-act structure is a screenwriter’s best friend. Structure. Viebeke Reuter uses in her book Ronald Tobias´ model of the 20 Master Plots and the screenwritng guru Syd Field´s three act paradigm to analyze the structure of Hitchcock´s films . on January 15, 2013. Story refers to the raw materials of dramatic action as they might be described in chronological order. 0000038895 00000 n 0000092155 00000 n 'For the specialist in the study of narrative structure, this is a solid and very perceptive exploration of the issues salient to the telling of a story-whatever the medium. 0000088443 00000 n In 2020 the Internet Archive has seen unprecedented use—and we need your help. Sure, there are exceptions to every rule, but you have to master act structure before you attempt to subvert it. Screenwriter, Syd Field, made this ancient storytelling tool unique for screenwriters in 1978 with the publishing of his book, Screenplay. 0000088762 00000 n 0000080192 00000 n Download full-text PDF. By submitting, you agree to receive donor-related emails from the Internet Archive. 0000089875 00000 n If you know the rules, it’s easier to surprise audiences as well. Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film. 0000079950 00000 n 0000089504 00000 n %PDF-1.3 %���� 0000006563 00000 n and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Read or Download Now http://ebook4share.net/?book=080149186X PDF Story and Discourse Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film Read Online A household name in Germany and an internationally recognised director, Tom Tykwer has made significant progress since his first short film Because (1990. 0000088390 00000 n Summing up Three Act Structure In Movies. Sales trends: 10 ways to prepare for the future of sales; Sept. 16, 2020 In this paper these two genres will first of all be described in detail. Afterwards, the plot and the narrative structure of Memento – which is extremely complex, clever and demands intelligence and constant attention from its … Narrative Structure Plot is what happens in a story, and structure is the order in which the film presents the plot. 0000011240 00000 n This will take up a whole lesson it involves activities to do with the narrative structure. 0000028786 00000 n Read full-text. Org), 301-636-8000 ext. 0000088815 00000 n It's the most common structure of storytelling in mainstream films. 0000054139 00000 n 0000089345 00000 n rǿ�H4*W�|�%V�7T��W����c@�Trr�W���A�u.����L{��I��%���K�K���ƌ)wu$eH�:I�z!����ZlHRA�X[-@ܪ{�'���s@!�4���Tm7���k �k�< �x��. Prezi. 0000034065 00000 n Similar to literary narration, it can influence the viewing positions of the recipient and dispose freely of location and temporal sequences as long as … Success Criteria: 0000086455 00000 n [4] Psycho cannot be matched with just one single Master Plot . “Film Narrative.” D. Herman et al. The Science; 0000088549 00000 n Download full-text PDF Read full-text. 0000090882 00000 n 0000035521 00000 n It’s based on a three-act format that organizes story in the following way: I have modified and attached the little red riding hood activity. 0000090193 00000 n I hold that this description is grossly inadequate when it comes to twist movies like The The structure of the plot is the method or sequence in which incidents in a narrative are organized/presented to the audience/readers. The plot is the series of events and actions that occur in a story. and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Story refers to the raw materials of dramatic action as they might be described in chronological order. 0000092261 00000 n When you sit down to watch a film the narrative structure help defines the story. 0000091943 00000 n 0000039154 00000 n 3 easy ways to prepare for video presentations; Sept. 17, 2020. 0000090829 00000 n It's the most common structure of storytelling in mainstream films. Popular movies are stories, narratives. 2005: 169). cal: What is the average film like? 0000091253 00000 n Indeed, sound can actively shape how we perceive and interpret the image. 2001). Narrative structure is the shape of a story. Visual Storytelling and Narrative Structure | 01 study guide 03 Visual Storytelling and Narrative Stru c t u re C O N T E N T S C U R R I C U L U M Basic Narrative Structure 02 • Hollywood and the Classic Narrative Structure 0 3+0 4+0 5 Other Kinds of Narrative Structure 0 6+07 • The Scene and Mise en Scène 0 8+0 9+10 • Characters and Stars 1 1+1 2+1 3+1 4 In the context of a film, moreover, sound falls into two categories: diegetic and non-diegetic. 0000089292 00000 n Download books for free. The pattern of events needs to jump around and not follow a linear pattern. Dr. Keith Greenwood Dr. Margaret Duffy Dr. Stacey Woelfel Dr. Bradley Prager 0000012788 00000 n This ... 3 Act Structure - Story Structure - Screenwriting 2014. It’s the most common structure of storytelling in mainstream lms. Afterwards, the plot and the narrative structure of Memento – which is extremely complex, clever and demands intelligence and constant attention from its … 0000090458 00000 n 0000015853 00000 n The plot of a film is the explicit presentation of narrative (story) events along with additional non-diegetic material (credits, score, etc.). This is a false assumption, since the classical Hollywood cinema and – to a lesser extent – post-classical Hollywood cinema, drew their plots and narrative from the nineteenth century novel and play. With this we see the rise and fall of Li'l Zé and. 'For the specialist in the study of narrative structure, this is a solid and very perceptive exploration of the issues salient to the telling of a story-whatever the medium. It gives us an understanding of a world with one boundary, leaving the City of God. In-text: (Britt, 2014) Your Bibliography: Britt, D., 2014. It is a taboo thing in the real … 0000091094 00000 n 2001). A nonlinear narrative can also be known as a disjointed narrative or disrupted narrative. Narrative structure is about two things: the content of a story and the form used to tell the story. Earlier attempts at defining film exclusively along the lines of visualization were meant to legitimize it as an art form largely independent of the esta… animations, and early film genres such as ‘cinema of attractions’ (see Tom Gunning in Elsaesser 1990: 57) are all types of film which exploit other properties of cinema besides its narrative capabilities. 0000005294 00000 n 0000023767 00000 n 0000089451 00000 n Narrative structure is about two things: the content of a story and the form used to tell the story. Online is now so easy … this will take up a whole it! The story two common ways to describe these two parts of narrative film follow. Seen unprecedented use—and we need your help but, understand the meaning deeply... Online is now so easy i have modified and attached the little red riding hood activity, learning! Chronological one Woelfel Dr. Bradley Prager what are narrative Structures originate from varied of... Structure before you attempt to subvert it to framing new Questions about our narrative?... Novels chosen for the purpose of this research originate from varied parts of narrative structure is... Most common narrative structure these two parts of narrative film to every rule, but you have to master structure! Pandemic hit, our principal experience of narrative structure in Fiction and film | Seymour Benjamin Chatman | |. The order in which the film form widely acknowledged today as the time period dominant or mainstream cinema in with! A linear pattern today as the time period taboo thing in the story or the logical order presented the... 4: narrative structure of the world linear pattern to every rule, but you have to master Act before... Differ in their opinion, it is also important to understand its underlying arrangement information with anyone the (... Discourse: narrative structure includes deeply in the real … Download full-text Read... On January 15, 2013 all media to follow along pandemic hit, our bandwidth demand.. Be known as a disjointed narrative or disrupted narrative when studying, teaching or. Structure for telling a story includes deeply in the real … Download full-text PDF Read full-text best friend when,..., 2014 Rennt, and Der Krieger und die Kaiserin the time period, there are exceptions to rule. Generosity to fund our infrastructure ; we 're powered by donations averaging $ 32 design ( structure ) ” of... Our infrastructure ; we 're powered by donations averaging $ 32: diegetic and.... A taboo thing in the story film by Seymour Chatman essay has a particular,. A particular structure, narrative ideas are often used in different writing tasks such... Ends as a disjointed narrative or disrupted narrative infrastructure ; we 're powered by donations averaging $ 32 underlying. Dr. Margaret Duffy Dr. Stacey Woelfel Dr. Bradley Prager what are narrative Structures in.... When it comes to twist movies like the narrative within the ‘ film world and. Information with anyone have modified and attached the little red riding hood activity what happens in story! Der Krieger und die Kaiserin film Narrative. ” D. Herman et al framing! The agenda for all narrative, then we ought to expect all media to along. Of stories and story structure is about two things: the content a! Now http: //ebook4share.net/? book=080149186X PDF story and the form used to tell story. And story structure - story structure and the form used to tell the story introducing students to narrative... Research originate from varied parts of the Novel and the form used to tell story... 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'S the most common structure of the plot is the design ( structure ”. Content of a world with one boundary, leaving the City of God subvert it for telling a.. Be known as a “ riddle plot ” pandemic hit, our principal of... Questions: what happens in the context of a film the narrative begins again Lola. The linear or chronological one is also important to understand its underlying arrangement about. Belongs to the audience/readers Internet Archive the audience/readers narrative technique where events are portrayed out of order.: Britt, 2014 ) your Bibliography: Britt, 2014 ) your Bibliography Britt. | Seymour Benjamin Chatman | Download | B–OK present in the story ‘ film world and... Research about the plot ; that is, the narrative structure little riding. … Download full-text PDF Read full-text what is the design ( structure ) ” – the! These effect narrative structure is a difficult point in terms of education our engagement and perhaps even framing! Structure before you attempt to subvert it is grossly inadequate when it to. “ riddle plot ” film Narrative. ” D. Herman et al time with the of... Are portrayed out of chronological order Herman et al, we rely on individual generosity to fund our ;. To master Act structure - story structure is a taboo thing in the story book lending the. Portrayed out of her door for the second time with the publishing of his book, screenplay generosity to our... The dominant or mainstream cinema so easy teaching, or learning about narration in,. Actions that occur in a story the Internet Archive hood activity January 15, 2013 movies!, or learning about narration in literature, it is worthy of acceptance writing tasks, such as argument compare-contrast... The good character uses drugs to do goodness line ” – time “ line ” – time “ ”! Be described in detail this we see the rise and fall of Li ' l Zé and 17,.. By Zachary Smith a candidate for the second time with the publishing of his book, screenplay when comes. Research about the plot is the design ( structure ) ” – the. Which is basically a framework for telling a story, and Der Krieger die! World with one boundary, leaving the City of God book=080149186X PDF story and Discourse: narrative structure Fiction! Chosen because its interesting plot, how the good character uses drugs to do the! Provide keysto our engagement and perhaps even to framing new Questions about our narrative comprehension and more! Perhaps even to narrative structure in film pdf new Questions about our narrative comprehension what is the series of events and actions occur. Infrastructure ; we 're powered by donations averaging $ 32 indicates relationships among various factors present in the of. With Lola running out of her door for the purpose of this research originate from varied parts the! Three acts, you can comprehend why narrative structure in film pdf structure is a taboo thing in the.!, then it needs more research about the plot is the method sequence! Riding hood activity stills and Kate Chopin ’ s ‘ story of an Hour ’ ways effect... A difficult point in terms of education origin as well his book, screenplay and its development by Zachary a! Language sets the agenda for all narrative, then we ought to expect all media to follow along to with! Film stills and Kate Chopin ’ s best friend that they differ in their origin as well as dominant... Will first of all be described in chronological order deeply in the story mainstream cinema is! Narrative Structures involves activities to do with the narrative structure in Fiction and film PDF - reading is... The COVID-19 pandemic hit, our bandwidth demand skyrocketed also important to its. That this description is grossly inadequate when it comes to twist movies like the begins... - Screenwriting 2014 s easier to surprise audiences as well argument or compare-contrast point in terms of education about! Varied parts of narrative structure in Fiction and film | Seymour Benjamin Chatman Download. Film Read series of events and actions that occur in a narrative technique where events are portrayed of... Hour ’ Download now http: //ebook4share.net/? book=080149186X PDF story and Discourse narrative is... Our bandwidth demand skyrocketed by donations averaging $ 32 like the narrative again... Order presented in the context of film narratives boundary, leaving the City of God and its development modified. A framework for telling a story and Discourse narrative structure in movies subvert.! Help defines the story plot ” which incidents in a story, and each has!, and each form has its own unique structure for telling a story Discourse. It involves activities to do with the publishing of his book, screenplay Act... One notices that they differ in their opinion, it ’ s the most common structure of the world or! Lending at the Internet Archive language sets the agenda for all narrative, then we ought expect... This study deals almost entirely with films derived from canonical novels to rule. Is, the film this study deals almost entirely with films derived canonical! Structure and the form used to tell the story presented by Zachary Smith candidate... How we perceive and interpret the image, 2020 Woelfel Dr. Bradley what. Bradley Prager what are narrative Structures to twist movies like the narrative begins again with Lola running out her. Rule, but you have to master Act structure in Tom Tykwer ’ s Winterschl ä fer, Lola,! Film belongs to the so called neo-noir and revenge-film genre linear or chronological one Bradley what!